Genital human papillomaviruses among women of reproductive age in Jamaica / Virus de los papilomas humanos genitales en mujeres en edad reproductiva de Jamaica

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the prevalence and distribution of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types among women in Jamaica, and to explore risk factors associated with HPV infection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that took place in April-July 2010 with 852 sexually-active women, 16-49 years of age, who had attended a selected public or private primary health clinic in one of Jamaica's four health authority regions. Sociodemographic data was collected from each participant by trained study staff. Each participant had a gynecological examination that included a clinical Pap test and a cervical sample for HPV detection and typing-performed using the Research Use Only Linear Array (LA) genotyping assay (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States). Overall and type-specific prevalence of HPV infection was calculated for 37 HPV types included in the LA genotyping assay. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 460 of the 852 women (54.0%). Oncogenic HPV was detected in 297 women (34.9%) and HPV types 16/18 were found in 86 women (10.1%). The most frequently occurring HPV types were: 16 (6.2%); 35 (6.0%); 62 and 83 (5.5%); 61 and 58 (5.4%); 84 (4.7%); 18 (4.3%); and, 66 and 81 (4.2%). HPV prevalence was highest among women who were single, young (16-19 years), and had had more than three sexual partners in their lifetime. CONCLUSIONS: These results, coupled with high rates of cervical cancer, support introducing HPV vaccines while maintaining and strengthening cervical cancer screening services. Policy decisionmaking that reflects these results is instrumental to establishing a comprehensive cervical cancer program in Jamaica.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y la distribución de los tipos de virus de los papilomas humanos (VPH) genitales en las mujeres de Jamaica y explorar los factores de riesgo asociados con la infección por VPH. MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo de abril a julio del 2010. Participaron 852 mujeres sexualmente activas, de 16 a 49 años de edad, que acudieron a uno de los consultorios públicos o privados de atención primaria seleccionados en cada una de las cuatro autoridades sanitarias regionales de Jamaica. Personal capacitado del estudio recopiló datos sociodemográficos de cada participante. Todas las participantes fueron sometidas a un examen ginecológico que comprendía una prueba clínica de Papanicolaou y la obtención de una muestra del cuello uterino a efectos de detectar y tipificarlos VPH mediante la prueba de genotipado Linear Array (LA) (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianápolis, Indiana, Estados Unidos), de uso exclusivo en investigación. Se calcularon las prevalencias global y específica de tipo de la infección por VPH para los 37 tipos de VPH incluidos en la prueba de genotipado LA. RESULTADOS: Se detectó ADN de VPH en 460 de las 852 mujeres (54,0%). Se detectaron VPH oncógenos en 297 mujeres (34,9%), y VPH de los tipos 16 y 18 en 86 mujeres (10,1%). Los tipos de VPH detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron 16 (6,2%), 35 (6,0%), 62 y 83 (5,5%), 61 y 58 (5,4%), 84 (4,7%), 18 (4,3%), y 66 y 81 (4,2%). La prevalencia de VPH fue más elevada en mujeres solteras, jóvenes (de 16 a 19 años) y que habían tenido más de tres compañeros sexuales en sus vidas. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados, junto a las elevadas tasas de cáncer cervicouterino, fundamentan la introducción de las vacunas contra el VPH al tiempo que se mantienen y refuerzan los servicios de tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino. Las decisiones políticas que se adopten como consecuencia de estos resultados serán determinantes para establecer un programa integral contra el cáncer cervicouterino en Jamaica.

Accelerating policy, deployment, and access to new and underutilized vaccines in developing countries

O ver recent decades, the experi-ence of national immunization programs demonstrates that im-munization is one of the "best buys" in public health. 1 Rapid deployment and use of the traditional vaccines against child-hood killer diseases have been the most im-portant contributors to reductions in child mortality and increased life expectancy in developing countries. In the Americas, polio was eradicated from the region over fifteen years ago, indigenous measles trans-mission was eliminated in November 2002 and neonatal tetanus has been eliminated in all but one of the countries of the re-gion. 2 In 2003, the Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) Directing Coun-cil, composed of all the ministers of health of the countries of the Americas, unani-mously adopted a resolution to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from the Americas by 2010, becom-ing the first region in the world to take on this challenge. 3 Immunization will continue to be es-sential in reducing child mortality in de-veloping countries and, thus, will prove critical to meeting the Millennium Devel-opment Goals (MDGs). 4 Immunization is directly associated with the achievement of child mortality reductions (MDG 4) and maternal health (MDG 5). It also con-tributes to a decrease in cancer (such as cervical cancer), a major disease of global and regional importance (MDG 6). The human papillomavirus vaccine has the po-tential to impact this last MDG. Beyond simply achieving the MDGs, further gains in the reduction of child mortality can be achieved through more effective and wider use of immunization strategies. 5 The World Health Organiza-tion's (WHO) Global Immunization Vi-sion and Strategy (GIVS) recognizes that Jon Kim Andrus, MD, oversees technical support to PAHO Member Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly for strategic planning and all key policy issues regarding vaccines and immunization. Vance Dietz, MD, MPH, TM, is Chief of the Global Measles Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and oversees measles technical support globally for the CDC. John Fitzsimmons, MURP, coordinates the management of PAHO's Revolving Fund for the purchase of vaccines for all PAHO Member Countries. Carlos Castillo-Solórzano, MD, MPH, works as a Regional Advisor for Immunization at PAHO with a primary focus on rubella elimination.